Purpose or Case Report: Superficial head masses are a common source of concern in the pediatric population, though the majority are ultimately benign. Duplex ultrasonography (US) serves as a valuable first-line imaging modality following clinical history-taking and physical examination. It offers excellent spatial resolution for evaluating both soft-tissue and osseous structures without the need for ionizing radiation, sedation or contrast material, making it a safe, rapid and cost-effective diagnostic tool for use in children. A structured understanding of ultrasonographic features can help physicians and other pediatric healthcare professionals distinguish lesions that warrant further investigation from those with characteristic benign appearances. Early recognition of characteristic imaging features can reduce unnecessary downstream testing—such as radiography, computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or tissue sampling—and streamline appropriate management.

This educational exhibit aims to outline a practical framework for interpreting US findings for superficial pediatric head masses. A series of illustrative cases—including normal occipital protuberance, cephalohematomas, lymphadenopathy, epidermoid and dermoid cysts, pilomatrixomas, hemangiomas, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and metastatic neuroblastomas—will be presented to highlight characteristic sonographic findings and diagnostic considerations. An emphasis will be placed on distinguishing benign masses from more aggressive masses.
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