Purpose or Case Report: Pediatric orbital diseases vary from those of adults in terms of pathology and imaging characteristics. The clinical signs and symptoms of most disease entities are non-specific. Radiological imaging plays an important role in narrowing the differential diagnosis and guiding clinical management planning. The purpose of this study is to provide a basic review of orbital embryology, anatomy, and pediatric orbital pathology with emphasis on radiological findings.
Methods & Materials: Basic orbital embryology with illustrations are presented. Multisequence MRI and multiplanar CT are used to illustrate orbital anatomy. Pediatric orbital disease entities are classified into: congenital, traumatic, infectious/inflammatory, vascular and neoplastic. Findings are demonstrated on CT/MRI imaging with correlative clinical images.
Results:
I. Orbital embryologic discussion and illustrations
II. Orbital anatomy on CT/MRI
III. Spectrum of diseases presented with CT/MRI images:
A) Congenital:
Microphthalmia/ anophthalmia
Macrophthalmos/ Buphthalmos
Coloboma/ Staphyloma
Morning glory disc anomaly
Persistent Hyperplastic Primary Vitreous
Retinopathy of Prematurity
Dermoid/epidermoid cyst
B) Traumatic:
Ruptured globe
Orbital wall fracture
Orbital foreign bodies
Traumatic cataract
C) Infectious/Inflammatory:
Pott Puffy tumor
Inflammatory pseudo tumor
D) Vascular:
Lymphatic Malformation
Venous Malformation
Arteriovenous Malformation and Carotid Cavernous Fistula
E) Neoplastic:
Intraocular: Retinoblastoma
Extra-ocular: Rhabdomyosarcoma, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Optic nerve glioma, Leukemia/ Lymphoma/ Neuroblastoma metastases.
F) Others:
Papilledema.
Conclusions: This exhibit reviews the embryology, anatomy and wide spectrum of pediatric orbital diseases and discuss the importance of various imaging modalities in accurate diagnosis and management planning.