Purpose or Case Report: Children with cancer are at increased risk of life-threatening emergencies, either from cancer itself or related to cancer treatment. These conditions need to be assessed and treated as early as possible to minimize their morbidity and mortality. Cardiothoracic emergencies encompass a variety of pathologies, including (1) pericardial effusions and cardiac tamponade, (2) massive hemoptysis, (3) superior vena cava syndrome, (4) pulmonary embolism, and (5) pneumonia. Abdominal emergencies include (6) bowel obstruction, (7) intussusception, (8) perforation and tumor rupture, (9) intestinal graft-versus-host disease, (10) acute pancreatitis, (11) neutropenic colitis, and (12) obstructive uropathy. Radiological imaging plays a vital role in the diagnosis of these emergencies. Although imaging features have been described in most of these conditions, recent advancement in clinical pediatrics is fast-paced. In this educational exhibit, we aim to review the clinical and imaging features of pediatric oncologic emergencies including a review of the recently published literature. Key radiological images are presented to highlight the radiological approach to the diagnosis. Pediatricians, pediatric surgeons, and pediatric radiologists need to work together to arrive at the correct diagnosis and to ensure prompt and appropriate treatment strategies.
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