Purpose or Case Report: Vascular malformations in pediatric populations range from simple venous malformations to complex arteriovenous malformations. These present a spectrum of clinical and imaging findings. As radiologists, understanding these vascular anomalies is crucial for accurate diagnosis and determining appropriate therapeutic strategies. This educational exhibit aims to provide a comprehensive review of pediatric vascular malformations, enriched with insights from clinical cases.
Methods & Materials: Through our exhibit, we discuss vascular embryology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and the current classification of vascular malformations. We further explore the diagnostic approach and the distinctive imaging features of different types of vascular malformations. Additionally, management strategies and emerging medical treatments are discussed.
Results: Ultrasound serves as the initial modality for evaluating vascular malformations. It is imperative to rule out arteriovenous malformations due their distinct treatment requirements and clinical outcomes. Depending on the specific case, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, scintigraphy, or angiography may prove useful if further information is needed. The treatment approach depends on a lesion’s location and type, with options ranging from surgical resection, embolization, and sclerotherapy to laser therapy. Some new medical treatments, such as thalidomide or sildenafil, have shown promising results, though clinical data remains limited.
Conclusions: Recognizing the clinical presentations and accurately interpreting imaging findings of vascular malformations is essential, as treatments can vary significantly based on the types, locations, and morphologies. We will review various types and treatment approaches along with complications, limitations, and emerging medical treatments.