Pancreatic tumours are a rare and unusual entity in pediatric patients accounting for less than 0.2% of malignant paediatric deaths. The limited number of cases and the diversity of histopathologic subtypes have made it difficult to predict prognosis which differs significantly from adults. In general, pancreatic tumours that occur in children are well circumscribed and partially encapsulated. Their relatively soft nature and encapsulated rather than infiltrative growth pattern allow them to become large prior to clinical presentation. Owing to their large size, central necrosis is common. Causes of pancreatic masses in children are usually benign and include pancreatic pseudocyst, congenital pancreatic cyst, dermoid cyst, hydatid cyst, islet cell tumours, lymphangioma, pancreatic hemangioendothelioma and cystadenomas. Causes of malignant pancreatic masses in children (which are rare) include pancreatoblastoma, lymphoma, neuroblastoma, solid-pseudopapillary tumour and rhabdomyosarcoma. We present an algorithmic approach to a pancreatic mass in a child, describing the common imaging features in each of the benign and malignant causes of pancreatic mass in a child with radiologic cases. We also report a very rare case of a pancreatic kaposiform hemangioendothelioma in an 8 month old boy who presented with Kasabach Merritt syndrome. Read More

Meeting name: IPR 2016 Conjoint Meeting & Exhibition , 2016

Authors: Mahomed Nasreen

Keywords: pancreatic tumours, pancreatic kaposiform hemangioendothelioma, benign, malignant, children

Abstract: HIV is a global pandemic. According to the UNAIDS Report on the Global Aids Epidemic 2013, approximately 3.3 million children under the age of 15 years are living with HIV infection globally. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest burden of disease with 2.9 million of HIV-infected children. HIV has affected the epidemiology of childhood pneumonia, changing the spectrum of pathogens, antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria and prognostic outcome. More than 70% of HIV-infected children will suffer at least one episode of a pulmonary infection in the course of their illness. The pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) demonstrated vaccine efficacy of 20% in HIV-uninfected children and 13% in HIV-infected children in South African using WHO standardized chest X-ray interpretation criteria. The chest X-ray remains the most readily available and the commonest imaging modality for childhood pneumonia. A combination of clinical findings with pattern recognition on chest X-ray narrows the differential diagnosis. We present a pictorial review of chest X-ray findings in HIV-infected children due to infectious causes: pulmonary TB, bacterial pneumonia, <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i> pneumonia, viral pneumonia and non- infectious causes: immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS), lymphocytic interstitial pneumonia (LIP) and lymphoma. Read More

Meeting name: IPR 2016 Conjoint Meeting & Exhibition , 2016

Authors: Mahomed Nasreen

Keywords: chest X-rays, HIV-infected children