Purpose or Case Report: The rapid growth of contrast-enhanced ultrasound research and applications presents the need for cooresponding educational tools and training methods. Hands-on education is an ideal mechanism for learning image techniques, sparking active engagement and curiosity to learn more. Custom pediatric phantoms for ceVUS allow for specific education goals in an engaging and translatable fashion and allow the learner to practice the technique prior to engaging in patient care.
Methods & Materials: MR-based imagining was selected to segment and export 3D models of the anatomy of interest, including the lower torso (female and male), kidneys, and ureters that simulate grades of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR). However, much of this was limited to available images and the patient's position at the time. A medical illustrator modified the external genitalia, urethra, and bladder models to better represent anatomy obscured by diapers on MR images. The legs were also sculpted to create a holistic model.
The final design was used to create two 3D-printed molds for the silicone modeling of the legs, lower torso, and interchangeable genitalia and urethra. The lower torso was poured with a cavity for the bladder, ureters, and two grades of VUR (2/4 and 3/5) per phantom. The legs were attached in two positions, straight down and flexible to allow “frog-leg” positioning. The upper torso, arms, and head were attached from a doll. Finally, the genitalia and urethra are interchangeable and can attach with a quick silicone seal.
Results: Two infant phantoms were created for ceVUS education. Each phantom has a bladder, ureter, and kidneys that simulate two grades of VUR (2/4 and 3/5). The male and female genitalia and urethra can be applied to the phantoms. A catheter can be placed through the urethra to the bladder to allow the contrast to be administered. The legs can be moved to see placement positions. Users can ultrasound the urethra, bladder, ureters, and kidneys. The urethra can be imaged from a tranperineal and transabdominal approach.
Conclusions: Custom phantoms allow a unique opportunity for hands-on learning with interchangeable anatomy for educational goals. The expansion of ceVUS can be supported with this type of educational tool.