The aim of this study was to examine trends in physicians in diagnostic and pediatric radiology with subset analysis of female representation within these specialties in the United States between 2017 and 2024. We sought to assess changes in the proportion of radiologists, identify growth or decline patterns, and analyze potential factors contributing to the observed trends. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2025 Annual Meeting , 2025

Authors: Mousa Abeer, Simmons Curtis

Keywords: Gender, Radiology Education, Educational Intervention

We present a case of an 11-year-old male with history of pars planitis (intermediate uveitis) on monthly infliximab and weekly methotrexate. The patient developed diffuse lymphadenopathy, predominantly in the head and neck region, raising suspicion for malignancy. CT of the neck and chest demonstrated enlarged cervical, upper mediastinal , and bilateral axillary lymph nodes. PET/CT confirmed prominent FDG uptake in these lymph nodes. A lymph node biopsy of a parotid lymph node confirmed Epstein Barr virus-positive polymorphic lymphoproliferative disorder in the setting of immune deficiency/dysregulation. Follow up PET/CT 2 months later after discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy demonstrated significant improvement in size and radiotracer uptake of the enlarged lymph nodes. However within this time frame, the patient’s uveitis worsened. The patient is being followed by ophthalmology to explore other localized treatment options including steroid eye drops and steroid implants. The majority of described findings in the radiology literature encompasses lymphoproliferative disorders in the setting of transplant (post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD)) or primary immunodeficiency. However, there is little in the way of lymphoproliferative disorders associated with immunosuppressive therapy. Most cases reported in the literature involve methotrexate use in adults with rheumatoid arthritis. Prior to 2022, this entity held a WHO classification entitled “other iatrogenic immunodeficiency-associated lymphoproliferative disorders (OII-LPD)”. Following a 2022 WHO reclassification, both PTLD and OII-LPD are encompassed under the classification of “lymphoid proliferations and lymphomas associated with immune deficiency and dysregulation". Further research on imaging of OII-LPD would add to the existing literature and increase awareness of such an entity in the setting of immunosuppressive therapy. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2025 Annual Meeting , 2025

Authors: Mousa Abeer, Fox Lauren, Simmons Curtis

Keywords: Lymphoproliferative, PTLD, Lymphadenopathy

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a life-threatening fetal anomaly characterized by herniation of abdominal contents into the thoracic cavity due to a defect in the diaphragm, most commonly left-sided. Accurate prenatal diagnosis and risk stratification are essential for guiding perinatal management, parental counseling, and prognostication. While ultrasound remains the first-line modality for initial detection, fetal MRI provides superior soft tissue contrast and volumetric assessment, offering critical additional information, particularly in complex or equivocal cases. This educational exhibit serves as a practical guide for radiologists interpreting fetal MRI for CDH. We review the typical imaging features of CDH on MRI, including identification of herniated organs, mediastinal shift, and assessment of the ipsilateral and contralateral lungs. Emphasis is placed on the standardized approach to measuring total and observed-to-expected lung volumes (o/e TLV), as well as lung area to head cicumference ratio (LHR), which serve as key prognostic markers. The exhibit also addresses the significance of liver position, stomach location, and diaphragmatic defect size, all of which correlate with postnatal outcomes and surgical complexity. We illustrate how MRI findings influence the clinical decision-making process, including eligibility for fetal intervention such as fetoscopic endoluminal tracheal occlusion (FETO). Radiologists play a vital role in the multidisciplinary care of these patients by providing accurate and reproducible measurements that impact prognosis and management. This exhibit aims to equip radiologists with the essential tools and knowledge required to confidently evaluate CDH on fetal MRI and contribute meaningfully to perinatal planning. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2026 Annual Meeting , 2026

Authors: Mousa Abeer, Perez Rachel, Goncalves Luis

Keywords: Fetal, Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia, Lung

Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) is a rare but life-threatening fetal condition resulting from obstruction of the fetal upper airway, most commonly due to laryngeal or tracheal atresia. Accurate prenatal diagnosis is critical for perinatal management and potential surgical planning, including consideration of an ex utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedure. While ultrasound is typically the initial modality for detection, fetal MRI provides superior anatomic detail and plays an increasingly important role in confirming the diagnosis, assessing the level and extent of obstruction, and evaluating associated anomalies. In this case series, we present fetal MRI findings from four cases of CHAOS, each diagnosed in the second trimester. MRI demonstrated hallmark features including bilaterally enlarged, hyperintense lungs on T2-weighted images, flattened or inverted diaphragms, central compression of the heart, and dilated airways distal to the point of obstruction. Associated anomalies, including ascites and hydrops fetalis, were variably present. In all cases, MRI provided critical information for determining the severity and level of obstruction, distinguishing CHAOS from other causes of airway obstruction or other thoracic masses such as congenital pulmonary airway malformation (CPAM), and aiding multidisciplinary decision-making regarding delivery planning and neonatal resuscitation. This case series underscores the diagnostic value of fetal MRI in the evaluation of CHAOS and highlights key imaging features that can facilitate accurate prenatal diagnosis. Early and precise recognition of this rare condition allows for appropriate counseling of expectant parents and coordination of specialized perinatal interventions that may improve neonatal outcomes. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2026 Annual Meeting , 2026

Authors: Mousa Abeer, Perez Rachel, Goncalves Luis

Keywords: Fetal, Airway, Atresia

Twin molar pregnancy featuring a complete hydatidiform mole and a coexisting live fetus is a rare but important condition with unique imaging findings. A 24-year-old pregnant female presented for concern for molar pregnancy on ultrasound at an outside facility. The gestational age of the pregnancy at presentation was 22 weeks and 6 days. MRI was obtained which revealed a single living fetus in cephalic presentation. Along the anterior and left lateral uterine body/fundus was a large lesion with multiple small discrete T2 hyperintense cysts intermixed with more solid T2 isointense components, as well as T2 hypointense, T1 hyperintense foci consistent with hemorrhagic products. The lesion was distinct and did not arise from the placenta. Same day ultrasound revealed a “snowstorm” appearance, consistent with twin molar pregnancy with a complete hydatidiform form and coexistent live fetus. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2025 Annual Meeting , 2025

Authors: Elcic Lana, Nashawaty Motassem, Mousa Abeer, Wermers Joshua

Keywords: Ultrasound and MRI, Fetal Imaging, Pregnancy

Differentiation of sutural variants from fractures can be a challenging topic for radiology trainees. Genetic disorders and vascular channels can create the appearance of traumatic injury and potentially suggest the diagnosis of abusive head trauma to the untrained radiologist. Likewise, expert witnesses may use alternate diagnoses to explain findings in which the current evidence basis favors a traumatic mechanism. This exhibit describes the pediatric skull with attention to the differentiation between fractures and mimics as an aid to the trainee. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2024 Annual Meeting & Postgraduate Course , 2024

Authors: Mousa Abeer, Ray Alyxandra, Halderman Kelly, Pfeifer Cory

Keywords: Child Abuse, Cranial Sutures, Wormian Bones