The calvarium and overlying scalp is a uniquely changing entity in childhood that presents a dynamic source of pathologies in early life as the child grows and the sutures fuse. Various “lumps and bumps,” both symptomatic and not, may be discovered by the parents or detected by pediatricians. Although some may be diagnosed clinically, others may require imaging for diagnosis. Ultrasound offers a simple and often definitive alternative to CT and MRI for evaluation of calvarial lesions, avoiding unnecessary radiation and expense; however, it requires a sonologist with thorough understanding of the various calvarial and scalp entities. The purpose of this exhibit is to describe the progression of calvarial and scalp lesions encountered from the neonatal period through young adulthood. Read More

Meeting name: IPR 2016 Conjoint Meeting & Exhibition , 2016

Authors: Milks Kathryn

Keywords: Skull, Ultrasound, calvarium, Lumps, Head

Proficiency in intra-abdominal pediatric vascular ultrasound is essential for all pediatric radiologists. Command of spectral Doppler findings is vital in identifying early abdominal vascular pathology, particularly in the evaluation of pediatric patients with liver disease or following orthotopic liver transplantation. The following is a condensed review of normal and abnormal abdominal vascular ultrasound with emphasis on liver disease and the posttransplant pediatric patient. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2017 Annual Meeting & Categorical Course , 2017

Authors: Milks Kathryn

Keywords: Ultrasound, Vascular, Liver transplant

International data have shown that a hip surveillance program decreased and even prevented hip dislocations in children with cerebral palsy (CP). There are however, no published guidelines on reporting hip abnormalities in these children. Radiologic terminology and measurement technique varied widely in our department. The purpose of our quality improvement initiative was to standardize radiographic hip surveillance imaging and reporting as part of the newly implemented screening program at our institution. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2020 Annual Meeting & Postgraduate Course , 2020

Authors: Milks Kathryn, Whitaker Amanda, Mesi Erin, Ruess Lynne

Keywords: cerebral palsy, hip surveillance, pelvis radiograph

There is limited understanding and utilization of dynamic contrast enhancement MRI of marrow, periosteum and cartilage for diagnosis of musculoskeletal (MSK) disease in children. This is partly due to limited availability of pediatric disease models of marrow inflammation, infection, infiltration, or involvement by tumor. Herein we explore signal intensity time curves of relevant MSK targets using a 3D Golden-angle RAdial Sparse Parallel (GRASP) MRI technique. GRASP is an accelerated, free-breathing dynamic acquisition that has been shown to reduce the need for sedation. We aim to establish a baseline for normal enhancement characteristics of marrow, cartilage, synovium and periosteum of the growing skeleton in a sheep model as a precursor to translation to children. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2019 Annual Meeting & Postgraduate Course , 2019

Authors: Rees Mitch, Milks Kathryn, Krishnamurthy Ramkumar, Krishnamurthy Rajesh, Hu Houchun

Keywords: radial MRI, dynamic contrast enhancement, musculoskeletal

To determine if a 3-minute Golden-angle RAdial Sparse Parallel (GRASP) dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) MRI sequence with 8-10 second temporal resolution is equivalent in diagnostic performance to a conventional MR sequences (CS) in the assessment of osteomyelitis (OM) in children. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2019 Annual Meeting & Postgraduate Course , 2019

Authors: Milks Kathryn, Rees Mitchell, Krishnamurthy Ramkumar, Hu Houchun, Krishnamurthy Rajesh

Keywords: osteomyelitis, GRASP, MRI

Free-breathing MRI scans are attractive in pediatric imaging as they reduce the need for sedation and breath-holds. In this work, we evaluate a 3D T1w radial "stack of stars" gradient echo (GRE) acquisition (RAVE-RAdial Volumetric Encoding) in post-contrast abdomen and spine protocols and compare results with conventional Cartesian MRI of similar spatial resolution and volume coverage. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2018 Annual Meeting & Postgraduate Course , 2018

Authors: Hu Houchun, Block Kai Tobias, Benkert Thomas, Krishnamurthy Ramkumar, Smith Mark, Rusin Jerome, Young Cody, Adler Brent H., Milks Kathryn, Krishnamurthy Rajesh

Keywords: Motion Insensitive, Accelerated MRI, Free-Breathing MRI