Introduction: Breast pathology in pediatrics is rare and mostly benign, though it often causes significant concern for parents and the medical team, posing a clinical and radiological diagnostic challenge. To accurately identify abnormalities, it is essential to understand breast development and its pathological conditions, which vary depending on age and sex. Objective: To review the ultrasound findings of common and uncommon breast lesions in the pediatric population. Development: This review will address the main pathological conditions affecting the breast from the neonatal period to adolescence. As in adults, pediatric breast pathology can be benign or malignant, with benign conditions being far more common at this age. We present cases related to breast development, such as neonatal thelarche, ductal ectasia in infants, gynecomastia, pseudogynecomastia, precocious thelarche, and congenital anomalies such as Poland syndrome. Regarding inflammatory pathology, we include neonatal mastitis, abscesses, eczema, and complicated cysts. Among the cystic lesions, we review galactocele and retroareolar cysts in adolescents, while for solid lesions, we highlight fibroadenoma and granular cell tumors. Although malignant breast lesions are rare in pediatrics, we illustrate cases of metastasis and carcinoma. Finally, we present differential diagnoses of pectoral region pathology, such as pilomatrixoma, hemangioma, and lymphatic malformation. Conclusion: Most pathological findings in the pediatric breast are benign, and many are associated with developmental variants. These conditions present diverse manifestations that often cause concern, underscoring the importance of recognizing their ultrasound features and various etiologies. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2025 Annual Meeting , 2025

Authors: Yañez Camila, Fuentealba Isabel, Vargas Fabiola, Pérez-marrero Lizbet

Keywords: Breast, Male Breast

Case report: Congenital bronchobiliary fistula is a rare congenital malformation, with high morbidity and mortality. It is characterized by a communication between the respiratory and digestive tracts, between a bronchus and the bile duct. This is a full-term female newborn patient, appropriate for gestational age, who from the third day of life presents with progressive respiratory difficulty associated with abundant waste through a nasogastric tube. She evolved with greater respiratory difficulty, so she was kept on a complete bowel rest and with a nasogastric tube, which increased his output. Airway aspiration was suspected, and an esophagus-stomach-duodenum study was performed to evaluate gastroesophageal reflux, which was normal. The study continued with abdominal ultrasound, showing aerobilia. The patient evolves with severe respiratory distress and requires mechanical ventilation on day 15, so a chest tomography is performed, which shows aerobilia and a communicating tract between the right main bronchus and the bile duct. Surgical management was performed with closure of the proximal end of the fistula at the supradiaphragmatic level, without intervening the intrahepatic tract. The newborn later develops cholestatic syndrome, which is studied with cholangiopancreatography magnetic resonance (MRCP) that reports atresia of the extrahepatic bile ducts, performing an entero-biliary anastomosis in a second surgical procedure. During her childhood after being discharged, she was diagnosed with several obstructive bronchial syndromes, cholangitis and malnutrition, remaining stable at the outpatient level. She is currently 15 years of age, her only chronic illness being with chronic liver disease, without evidence of clinical or elastographic fibrosis. Bronchobiliary fistula presents as bronchitis and repeated bronchopneumonia, bilioptysis, cholangitis and sepsis in some cases. Proposed etiologies are either union of an accessory bronchus with an aberrant bile duct or duplication of the foregut. This diagnosis can be associated with other malformations such as bile duct atresia and right diaphragmatic hernia. Computed tomography with 2D and 3D reconstructions and MRCP are recommended for diagnostic workup. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2024 Annual Meeting & Postgraduate Course , 2024

Authors: López Diana, Arrate Antonia, Leal Camilo, Méndez Daniela, Pérez-marrero Lizbet

Keywords: Bronchobiliary fistula, Congenital malformation, Bilioptysis

Soft tissue hemangiomas (STH) are the most common benign vascular tumors in childhood. Its diagnosis is mainly clinical. In some cases, imaging is required, US Doppler choice of preference. Less frequently, it can be complemented with complex studies such as diagnostic angiography, MRI and biopsy, or ultrasonographic follow-up. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of STH that required imaging follow-up, complex studies or biopsies. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2024 Annual Meeting & Postgraduate Course , 2024

Authors: Rossel Natalia, Pérez-marrero Lizbet, Whittle Carolina, Aris Ricardo, Fuentealba Isabel

Keywords: Soft Tissue Hemangioma, Infantile hemangioma, Congenital hemangioma

To determine the percentage of malignancy for the different TIRADS categories and the ultrasound patterns in children and adolescents. To calculate the interobserver variability in the use of TIRADS classification in this group. Read More

Meeting name: IPR 2016 Conjoint Meeting & Exhibition , 2016

Authors: Retamal Caro Andres, Pérez-marrero Lizbet, Horvath Eleonora, Silva Claudio, Rojas Paula

Keywords: TIRADS, thyroid cancer, thyroid node in children and adolescent, thyroid cancer in children and adolescent, sonographic patterns of thyroid node

To determine the cause of obstructive hydronephrosis using fMRU in pediatric patients with inconclusive conventional studies. Read More

Meeting name: IPR 2016 Conjoint Meeting & Exhibition , 2016

Authors: Bareño Sandra, Pérez-marrero Lizbet, Fuentealba Isabel, Pose Georgette, Soto Gloria, Silva Claudio, Salinas Cesar

Keywords: Hydronephrosis, Magnetic Resonance Urography Scan, Ureteropelvic junction stenosis, Obstructive hydronephrosis, Differential renal function

Se realiza en Chile tamizaje universal de displasia de cadera (DDC) con radiografía de pelvis AP (Rx Pelvis) a los 3 meses de edad, sin embargo no hay una estandarización del informe radiológico para una correcta y óptima derivación al especialista. Objetivo: Estandarizar y validar el informe de la Rx pelvis usada en el tamizaje de la DDC. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2020 Annual Meeting & Postgraduate Course , 2020

Authors: Pérez-marrero Lizbet, Monardez Pamela, Besomi Javier, Switt Margarita, Avilés Carolina, Herrera Cristhián, Fuentealba Isabel, Pose Georgette, Silva Claudio

Keywords: Screening, Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip, HIRADS

At our institution there is not possible to perform a perinatal autopsy. Also, there is usually parental resistance to this procedure, especially in cases of stillbirths or perinatal deaths. To address this issue, in 2018, we introduced a protocol of Postmortem Perinatal MRI (PPMRI) in cases where no known or suspected cause of death was identified in antenatal studies, and the gestational age exceeded 22 weeks. This communication aims to share our experience with the utilization of PPMRI, either as a standalone diagnostic tool or as part of a minimally invasive autopsy protocol. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2024 Annual Meeting & Postgraduate Course , 2024

Authors: Pérez-marrero Lizbet, Castoldi Maria Francesca, Fuentealba Isabel, Stecher Ximena, Schonstedt Valeria, Cisternas Daniela, Castiblanco Adriana, Repetto Gabriela, Legarraga Paulette, Schultz Marcela

Keywords: Postmortem Perinatal MRI, perinatal autopsy, stillbirths