<b>Background:</b> There are a variety of masses in neonates, infants and young children that may disappear spontaneously without active intervention. However, there has been no published review of what type of masses could disappear and what the spectrum of their imaging features is. It is essential for radiologists to understand imaging features of these entities in order to provide pediatrician and pediatric surgeons with critical information that will enable them to manage these patients expectantly without surgical intervention. <b>Purpose:</b> The entities that will be illustrate in this review include, among others: multicystic dysplastic kidneys, suprarenal masses (including intraabdominal sequestration, neuroblastoma and adrenal hemorrhage), ovarian cyst and torsion, duplication cyst of gastrointestinal tract, cyst of liver and kidneys. We will: 1. Review the clinical and imaging features of these masses including their changes during follow-up imaging studies. 2. Emphasize the imaging features that are helpful in differentiating these entities from other entities that require active intervention 3. Describe an appropriate approach to deal with uncertain diagnoses. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2018 Annual Meeting & Postgraduate Course , 2018

Authors: Mata-mbemba Daddy, Daneman Alan

Keywords: disappear mass, neonate, infant and young children

Epiphyseal separation of the distal femur is a rare entity. It usually occurs as a complication of a traumatic vaginal or cesarean delivery, particularly in breech position. It is considered a Salter-Harris type 1 fracture, where the epiphysis separates from the metaphysis resulting in physeal widening and frequently displacement of the epiphysis in relationship to the metaphysis. Only a few cases are reported in the literature. We report a case of distal epiphyseal separation of the distal femur in a 5-day-old patient who presented to the emergency department with swollen right foot. He was born at term in breech presentation via C-section delivery. At the presentation the physical examination revealed edema from the thigh to foot, decreased range of movement of the right hip, and he cried with palpation of the right tight. Lateral radiographs of the right lower limb showed metaphyseal irregularity involving the distal femur simulating a corner fracture, and posterior displacement of the distal femoral epiphysis relative to the metaphysis. Subsequent ultrasound of the right knee demonstrated posterior displacement of the distal femoral epiphysis with a 5 mm gap and significant soft tissue swelling, confirming epiphyseal separation of the distal femoral epiphysis. As the distal femoral epiphyseal secondary ossification center appears at approximately 38th week of gestational age, the radiograph is commonly the first imaging method to depict distal femoral epiphyseal separation. However, the radiographic diagnosis is challenging, and it can mimic a corner fracture leading to the suspicion of non-accidental injury. Therefore, ultrasound is an excellent complementary tool given its lack of radiation, no need for sedation, short examination time and high ability to assess the musculoskeletal structures with direct evaluation of the surface of osseous elements, cartilage and soft-tissue structures. Although this condition is uncommon, awareness of its imaging features among pediatric radiologists is crucial to avoid misdiagnosis and unnecessary additional imaging. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2026 Annual Meeting , 2026

Authors: Oliva Vanesa, Daneman Alan, Bedoya M. Alejandra

Keywords: Trauma, Neonate, Femur

A preterm male infant born at 28+2 weeks from twin pregnancy was admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Unit post urgent cesarean section for placental abruption. Postnatal echocardiogram confirmed multiple cardiac abnormalities including double outlet right ventricle with D-transposition of great arteries, requiring an arterial switch operation. His hospital course was complicated by seizure with previous documentation of left grade 1 germinal matrix hemorrhage and multifocal thromboembolic stroke on brain MRI. At 2 months of life, he required a chest tube insertion during which he had a cardiac arrest requiring venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Head US at 2 hours post-cannulation showed new bilateral symmetrical linear hyperechoic abnormalities in the periventricular supratentorial regions predominantly in the watershed areas, extending peripherally reaching the cortices. Similar new hyperechoic linear foci were seen in the right thalamus. While the clinical diagnosis at this time included watershed infarcts, the pattern of hyperechogenicity with dirty shadowing suggested air emboli, less likely hemorrhage or calcifications. Follow-up head US at 5 hours post-cannulation was arranged which showed near-complete resolution of the previously seen bilateral parenchymal hyperechoic abnormalities. Thus, we concluded resolving cerebral intravascular air emboli secondary to recent ECMO cannulation, rather than watershed infarcts. No evidence of new evolving infarct nor intracranial hemorrhage was noted. The patient unfortunately sustained a fulminant septic shock and end-organ injuries despite maximum medical therapies. His family elected to withdraw all life-sustaining therapies the day after his head US. Systemic air embolism is a rare but potentially fatal complication of ECMO. Rapid recognition is important for reducing morbidity and mortality. Head ultrasound is usually the first brain imaging study performed in neonates for screening. Bilateral periventricular increased echogenicity can be seen in a wide range of different pathologies, including but not limited to periventricular leukomalacia, infarcts, hemorrhages and neonatal encephalitis. This case report highlights important sonographic features distinguishing intracranial air embolism from other confounding diagnosis. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2025 Annual Meeting , 2025

Authors: Kim Taehoo, Faingold Ricardo, Daneman Alan

Keywords: Brain Ultrasound, Neonatal, ECMO

Intussusception in neonates and young infants is rare, with limited data to guide management. This study aims to characterize the presentation, management and outcomes of intussusception in infants ≤100 days of age. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2026 Annual Meeting , 2026

Authors: Rutten Caroline, Koenig Adriana, Zani Augusto, Daneman Alan

Keywords: Intussusception, Neonatal, Neonatal Bowel Obstruction

Pediatric thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is associated with higher rates of regional and lung metastases and a greater recurrence rate, though it maintains an excellent overall prognosis. While the diffuse sclerosing variant of PTC (DSV-PTC) is a rare subtype, it is disproportionately observed in the pediatric population. Ultrasound findings of DSV-PTC can include a thyroid nodule or diffuse thyroid enlargement, heterogeneous hypoechogenicity, and diffuse microcalcifications. It often presents with extensive cervical lymph node metastasis and more advanced disease at the time of diagnosis, which is linked to a higher recurrence risk. However, a comprehensive description of the sonographic features of DSV-PTC within a large pediatric cohort is currently lacking. This exhibit aims to address the current knowledge gap by illustrating the spectrum of sonographic findings for DSV-PTC in a pediatric population and describing its common associated imaging features. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2026 Annual Meeting , 2026

Authors: Reyes Recasens Magdalena, Daneman Alan, Amirabadi Afsaneh, Wasserman Jonathan, Martinez-rios Claudia

Keywords: Thyroid Carcinoma, Ultrasound, Education

To review unusual sonographic findings of tumors and tumor-like conditions one can encounter in pediatric scrotal ultrasound and to design a diagnostic algorithm that can be useful with the challenges of differential diagnosis in this situation. Read More

Meeting name: IPR 2016 Conjoint Meeting & Exhibition , 2016

Authors: Tijerin Bueno Marta, Martinez-rios Claudia, Daneman Alan, De La Puente Gregorio Alejandro, Navarro Oscar

Keywords: scrotal, ultrasound, testis, tumour

High-resolution ultrasonography (US) is a valuable and accessible imaging tool to assess and characterize the thyroid gland in children. Pediatric thyroid nodules are infrequent. However, the incidence of thyroid carcinoma in children is near twice the adult population, where the risk of malignancy is up to 15%. Children also have an increased risk for recurrence (39%) as compared to adults, justifying further work and a more aggressive approach. Prompt recognition of the common and uncommon sonographic features of thyroid cancer in children will allow radiologist to identify this malignancy in early stages of the disease, expediting appropriate treatment improving the standard of patient care. The purpose of this exhibit is to 1. To illustrate the spectrum of sonographic findings of thyroid cancer in a pediatric population. 2. To describe the typical sonographic characteristics of malignant thyroid nodules in children. 3. To identify the uncommon features of pediatric thyroid cancer. 4. To describe an appropriate approach to deal with uncertain diagnosis. Read More

Meeting name: IPR 2016 Conjoint Meeting & Exhibition , 2016

Authors: Martinez-rios Claudia, Bajno Lydia, Daneman Alan, Moineddin Rahim, Van Der Kaay Danielle Cm, Wasserman Jonathan

Keywords: Thyroid, cancer, children, ultrasound

Diffuse thyroid disease (DTD) encompasses a spectrum of thyroid disorders, including autoimmune conditions such as Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT). The association between HT and thyroid carcinoma remains controversial. Particularly in children, a robust, large-scale investigation is lacking, and the nature of this potential correlation and outcomes remains poorly elucidated. The aim of this study is to evaluate the US features of the thyroid gland and cervical lymph nodes, the clinical characteristics and outcomes of pediatric patients with DTD and thyroid carcinoma (TC). Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2026 Annual Meeting , 2026

Authors: Oliva Vanesa, Daneman Alan, Alsakran Sulaiman, Amirabadi Afsaneh, Carpio Olga, Wasserman Jonathan, Martinez-rios Claudia

Keywords: Ultrasound, Cancer, Neck