<b>The spleen is rarely the first organ to come to mind in discussing pathology of the abdomen, and indeed may often be the last. However, there are a multitude of splenic processes and abnormalities that should be kept in mind when discussing the pediatric abdomen. Additionally, splenic abnormalities, or lack thereof, can also be clues to diagnosis in more difficult cases. </b> Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2019 Annual Meeting & Postgraduate Course , 2019

Authors: Misiura Anne, Urbine Jacqueline, Poletto Erica, Malik Archana, Mallon Mea

Keywords: Spleen, gastrointestinal, abdomen

Fetal MR imaging plays a continuously increasing role as an adjunct to routine prenatal ultrasound examinations in confirming and clarifying prenatal abnormalities, usually at an earlier gestational age. It also has a critical role in parental counseling, prenatal and postnatal surgical planning, and delivery method. Our pictorial review demonstrates a variety of common and less typical congenital pathology. Read More

Meeting name: IPR 2016 Conjoint Meeting & Exhibition , 2016

Authors: Machnitz Judit, Kazmi Faaiza, Mallon Mea, Poletto Erica, Malik Archana, Urbine Jaqueline

Keywords: Fetal MRI, Postnatal correlation

The rare entity of an absent pulmonary artery has appeared in the literature since 1868, with most cases associated with congenital heart disease of various types. It has also long been observed that the absent pulmonary artery is contralateral to the aortic arch in almost every case. Isolated absence of a single pulmonary artery without associated congenital heart disease is less common, and these patients may present at any time from prenatal screening, neonatal period, early childhood, or even adolescence and adulthood. We will discuss the embryologic origins, clinical presentations, expected imaging findings, and treatment options based on patient ages from newborn to adolescence. In neonates with an isolated absent pulmonary artery, a patent ductus arteriosus will allow for continued systemic blood supply. Even early on, narrowing of the PDA may be seen as involution is inevitable without intervention. The lung parenchyma is typically preserved, without yet evidence of hypoplasia or oligemia. Once the PDA has closed, robust collateral formation will occur. As patients age without repair, the lung parenchyma may become hypoplastic with diminished lung volumes and vascular markings. Findings suggestive of recurrent infection such as bronchiectasis may also be evident. Early discovery and treatment is ideal as this will allow for prevention of long term sequelae and the greatest restoration of lung function as the options for repair are limited in the older patient. There is no universal standard approach for repairing the underlying mechanism of providing blood flow to the intrapulmonary pulmonary artery. Early intervention in neonates included PDA stenting or anastomosing the main pulmonary artery with the intrapulmonary pulmonary artery using a synthetic graft. Patients that present after the neonatal period are not likely to be eligible for surgical repair. The most common long term effect of an absent pulmonary artery is pulmonary hypertension, seen in 40% of patients. The entity of isolated unilateral absence of a pulmonary artery is rare, however demonstrates typical cardiothoracic findings depending on age at presentation. Understanding of embryology, specifically the 4th and 6th primitive aortic arches, allows one to understand why this malformation occurred and what findings to expect on imaging. The maintained PDA is vital for early lung blood supply and development and can aid in repair. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2018 Annual Meeting & Postgraduate Course , 2018

Authors: Rapp Jordan, Poletto Erica, Urbine Jaqueline, Malik Archana, Kazmi Faaiza, Mallon Mea

Keywords: Pulmonary artery, congenital, CTA

Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy is a potentially devastating neurological diagnosis for which prompt recognition is crucial for patient management. The appearance of HIE on imaging depends on the duration and severity of the hypoperfusion injury, which can range from global to subtle. As such, the differential diagnosis is wide, including infectious, metabolic, and congenital dysmyelination causes.<b> </b>It is also critical for the pediatric radiologist to be aware of possible confounding cases when presented with imaging features seen in HIE which would significantly change management. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2018 Annual Meeting & Postgraduate Course , 2018

Authors: Misiura Anne, Urbine Jaqueline, Mallon Mea, Malik Archana, Kazmi Faaiza, Poletto Erica

Keywords: Hypoxic, Infection, Encephalopathy

The duplication of structures in the body has been a curious topic to the field of medicine for centuries. It is rare to find a radiologist who has not seen at least one duplicated or partially duplicated organ, usually of the genitourinary system, and often incidentally. While implications of GU duplication have been study previously, often due to infertility or renal issues, other organ system duplications and their implications to the patient often remain a mystery. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2018 Annual Meeting & Postgraduate Course , 2018

Authors: Misiura Anne, Kazmi Faaiza, Poletto Erica, Mallon Mea, Malik Archana, Urbine Jaqueline

Keywords: Congenital, duplication, organs

A working knowledge of skull base anatomy as well as an understanding of the many lesions encountered in the developing calvarium is a challenging topic for the pediatric radiologist. The spectrum of lesions is vast and includes benign, benign but locally aggressive, and malignant lesions. The purpose of this presentation is to review the imaging findings associated with benign and malignant skull base lesions in children, while discussing their differentiating features. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2017 Annual Meeting & Categorical Course , 2017

Authors: Scace Candace, Poletto Erica, Kazmi Faaiza, Mallon Mea, Malik Archana, Urbine Jaqueline

Keywords: calvarium, fibrous dysplasia, cholesterol granuloma

Fractures in children and adolescents appear different on radiographs than fractures in adults. Pediatric fractures can be very subtle and difficult to detect if the radiologist is not actively looking for them, and a missed fracture can result in severe impairment in the future. The purpose of the presentation is to show the characteristic findings of frequently missed fractures in children. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2017 Annual Meeting & Categorical Course , 2017

Authors: Gonzalez Juan, Malik Archana, Kazmi Faaiza, Urbine Jaqueline, Poletto Erica, Mallon Mea

Keywords: Pediatric, undiagnosed, Fracture

The pineal gland is an important structure for human endocrine regulation. The pineal region can be affected by multiple pathologies including tumors. Pineal masses are uncommon in the pediatric population, but the differential diagnosis is broad, ranging from benign cystic lesions such as pineal cysts, to aggressive WHO grade IV tumors like pineoblastoma. The clinical presentation for these masses is variable, including focal neurologic deficits, visual abnormalities and obstructive hydrocephalus. The purpose of the presentation is to depict the most relevant characteristics of these lesions. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2017 Annual Meeting & Categorical Course , 2017

Authors: Gonzalez Juan, Poletto Erica, Urbine Jaqueline, Malik Archana, Mallon Mea, Kazmi Faaiza

Keywords: Pediatric, Pineal, Tumor

Pulmonary sequestration comprises a spectrum of congenital lung anomalies in which one or more of the following are present: bronchial sequestration, aberrant systemic arterial supply, and/or anomalous pulmonary venous drainage. Treatment is surgical; however, evaluation of the lesion with chest computed tomography (CT) prior to surgery is vital for planning as there are different surgical interventions required based on the components of the sequestration. Sequestrations can be associated with additional congenital abnormalities, some of which can also be evaluated by chest CT prior to surgery. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2017 Annual Meeting & Categorical Course , 2017

Authors: Misiura Anne, Urbine Jaqueline, Mallon Mea, Kazmi Faaiza, Malik Archana, Poletto Erica

Keywords: Pulmonary, Congential, Sequestration

Small round blue cell tumors (SRBCT) are a category of malignant tumors that share the characteristic histologic feature of small round undifferentiated cells. These tumors predominantly affect the pediatric population. While SRBCT are similar at the cellular level, their location, imaging characteristics, clinical manifestations, and outcomes are widely variable. The purpose of this educational exhibit is to provide a pictorial review of small round cell blue tumors and to highlight key imaging findings that will aid the radiologist when faced with such tumors. Read More

Meeting name: SPR 2018 Annual Meeting & Postgraduate Course , 2018

Authors: Yoon Susan, White Stacy, Poletto Erica, Urbine Jaqueline, Malik Archana, Mallon Mea, Kazmi Faaiza

Keywords: Small round blue cell tumors

Sickle cell disease is a common inherited disorder due to a structural abnormality in hemoglobin affecting the shape of the red blood cells. There are a variety of manifestations of this disease affecting a multitude of different organ systems. Some of the complications with the highest morbidity are those involving the central nervous system, and thus, the radiologist plays a pivotal role in the clinical management of these patients. It is important for the radiologist to understand the disease process, the radiologic manifestations, and the screening modalities available. Read More

Meeting name: IPR 2016 Conjoint Meeting & Exhibition , 2016

Authors: Chern Joshua, Urbine Jaqueline, Mallon Mea, Kazmi Faaiza, Malik Archana, Poletto Erica, Faerber Eric

Keywords: Moya moya, Aneurysm, CVA, Stroke, Infarction

Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is a potentially fatal disease that is commonly encountered in pediatric hospitals. Early diagnosis is of utmost importance, and thus, radiologists must be aware of the varied imaging findings seen in association with NEC and its complications. Read More

Meeting name: IPR 2016 Conjoint Meeting & Exhibition , 2016

Authors: Chern Joshua, Malik Archana, Mallon Mea, Urbine Jaqueline, Poletto Erica, Kazmi Faaiza, Faerber Eric

Keywords: NEC, pneumatosis, pneumoperitoneum

Soft tissue vascular malformations encompass a wide variety of lesions throughout the body. Appropriate treatment for these lesions is dependant on accurate classification and diagnosis. Unfortunately, inappropriate nomenclature and description by the radiologist can lead to confusion and possibly mismanagement. Read More

Meeting name: IPR 2016 Conjoint Meeting & Exhibition , 2016

Authors: Chern Joshua, Mallon Mea, Urbine Jaqueline, Malik Archana, Kazmi Faaiza, Poletto Erica, Faerber Eric

Keywords: Arteriovenous malformation, Vascular malformation, Lymphatic malformation, Vascular tumor